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02 June 2021

How Conservative Are The "Moderate" Democrats?

Democrats have the thinnest of possible majorities in the U.S. Senate. Together with two independents who caucus with them (Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Angus King of Maine), they have 50 seats out of 100 in the U.S. Senate, which given the Democratic Vice President who can break tie votes, gives them a majority. 

But because two "moderate" Democratic members of the caucus won't vote to abolish the filibuster for ordinary legislation, the Democrats are grossly limited in what they can accomplish legislatively, even with its (albeit thin) majority control of the U.S. House  (which doesn't have anti-majoritarian impediments to passing legislation) and the Presidency. Those two "moderate" Democrats are Senators Joe Manchin of West Virginia and Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona.

The problem is exacerbated because there are not ten Republicans in Congress who are moderate enough to provide the sixty votes needed to break a filibuster attempt by their own party on almost any issue that comes before the Senate (on a good day on a particular sympathetic issue, there might be six Republicans who break ranks with their party). And, not even the most moderate Republicans in the Senate (e.g. Susan Collins of Maine) break with their party as often a Manchin and Sinema does in the Democratic Party. 

Manchin gets a pass in my book. He may be the most conservative Democrat in Congress, but he has to be. No other Democrat in Congress was elected from a more conservative constituency. Trump won the Presidential election in West Virginia in 2020 with 68.62% of the vote, compared to 29.69% for Biden, making it one of the reddest states in the U.S. Any other Democrat would lose to a generic Republican challenger in West Virginia. The only other state in the entire United States that backed Trump more soundly than West Virginia did in 2020 was Wyoming here Trump received 69.94% of the vote to Biden's 26.55%. Senators Jon Tester of Montana is the only other Democrat in the Senate elected from a state that Trump won.

Sinema, on the other hand, has no such excuse. Yes, she is from a swing state. But she didn't run as an arch-conservative within the range of Democratic politics, and Biden narrowly won the Presidential election in Arizona in 2020 with 49.36% of the vote to 49.06% of the vote for Trump, the second thinnest majority of any state won by Biden on both a percentage basis (0.31 percentage points) after Georgia (where the margin was 0.24 percentage points), and the thinnest in terms of the absolute number of votes that Biden won by, i.e. 10,457 votes and in the percentage of the vote won by Biden.

Nationwide, Biden won 306 electoral votes from 25 states, the District of Columbia and Nebraska's Second Congressional District with 51.3% of the popular vote, while Trump won 232 electoral votes from 25 states and Maine's Second Congressional District with 46.9% of the popular vote (incidentally, the shift in electoral votes caused by  the 2020 census wouldn't have changed the result, which would have been 298-240 in that case).

In short, the reason that the Democrats can't get much done legislatively is that they don't have enough seats in the Senate and lack of ability to pass legislation (like election law reforms to thwart anti-democratic legislation by Republicans at the state level and admitting the District of Columbia as a state) that they need to level the playing field in their attempt to do so. Neither Manchin nor Sinema, however, vote with Republicans in the U.S. Senate more than they vote with Democrats.

Manchin is the marginal vote to determine if legislation will pass or not in the legislative process, in the absence of a filibuster (which is the standard that applies to budget legislation) and is the marginal vote in voting on Presidential nominations (which are no longer subject to the filibuster). But Manchin and Sinema allow the 10th least conservative Republican in the Senate (Kevin Cramer of North Dakota, who is much, much more conservative than they are) to be the marginal vote to determine if other legislation will pass or not in the federal legislative process.

This is deeply problematic because the Republican minority in the Senate that is blocking Democratic legislative efforts represents a far smaller share of the nation's population (43.5%) than the Democrats do (Republican candidates also won only 43.4% of the votes cast for Senate candidates over the last six year election cycle). Republicans representing states with as little as 25% of the U.S. population can sustain a filibuster (in contrast, when the Republicans are in the majority it takes Democrats who represent 46% of the U.S. population to sustain a filibuster). And, because anti-democratic voter suppression tactics are an important reason that some of those Republicans were elected in the first place in swing states. The block of 41 Republican votes needed to sustain a filibuster disproportionately come from states with the most discriminatory election laws (which would probably have flipped North Carolina in 2020, Florida and possibly also Texas in 2018, and possibly Pennsylvania and/or Missouri in 2016).

The residents of the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands, of course, have no voting representation at all in either house of Congress, and of them, only the District of Columbia has any say in Presidential elections. If they were states, Puerto Rico would probably be a swing state that elected moderates to Congress, on balance, while the others would probably support Democrats much more often than Republicans.

This isn't to say that the Democrats shouldn't be faulted for failing to win Senate seats in more winnable states including two seats (Maine and Pennsylvania) from states that Biden won (although the alignment between the Presidential vote and the Senators from each state is very strong, with West Virginia and Montana being the only states where one Senate seat is held by a Democrat in a red state). The 2020 Democratic losses in North Carolina and Maine, the 2018 Democratic loss in Florida, and the 2016 Democratic loss in Pennsylvania were particular disappointing. Democrats hold only one of two seats in Ohio, which is winnable. They didn't win either of the two seats in North Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, Iowa, Nebraska, or South Carolina, which could conceivably be winnable.

How moderate are Manchin and Sinema?

VoteView, which analyzes the relatively liberal/moderate/conservative positioning of each senator in relation to one another, makes clear that while Manchin and Sinema are the most moderate of the 50 Democrats in the Senate in the 117th Congress, they are not all that close to having voted with Republicans more often. The most liberal Republican senator according to VoteView? Maine's Susan Collins. (If you want more on how VoteView analyzes these votes, read this.) The same was true in the 116th Congress, with Manchin and Sinema (as well as Arkansas [ed. Alabama Sen. Doug Jones) the most conservative Democrats, but simply not all that close to the most liberal Republican, which, again, was Collins.

The latest bipartisan rankings by CQ Roll Call show that Manchin voted against his party's majority 38.5% of the time in 2020 while Sinema did so 33.1% of the time. Which were the highest percentages among both Republicans and Democrats. But voting against your party a third of the time isn't the same as voting with Republicans more than Democrats. . . .

The reality of the modern Congress -- and this is radically different from even 20 years ago -- is that the ideological middle barely exists. Yes, Manchin, Sinema and Collins are the most centrist of their respective parties, but they are nowhere near the likes of long-gone names like John Chafee of Rhode Island, John Breaux of Louisiana and Zell Miller of Georgia, who were regularly siding with the opposition party on key votes.

From CNN

Manchin, Sinema and Collins are also more moderate than any representatives in the U.S. House.

Incidentally, of Colorado's Senators, John Hickenlooper is the 39th most liberal Democrat and Michael Bennet is the 44th most liberal Democrats, putting both men on the centrist side of the Democratic party caucus in the Senate.

Moderate Democratic Senator Senator Doug Jones from Alabama, a Democrat, who won in something of a fluke election against a pedophile Republican, was replaced by Republican Senator Tommy Tuberville, the most conservative Republican in the Senate.

How do the members of the U.S. Senate in the current session rank from liberal to conservative based upon their voting records as analyzed by VoteView (the 102 rankings include Vice President Kamala Harris, and one Senator, Kelly Loeffler of Georgia, who was appointed to fill a vacancy and replaced early in the session in a special election by a Democrat)?

(Incidentally, anti-gun control votes are one of the main reasons that Sanders is rated less liberal than Warren and Booker, while Harris comes out especially liberal because she only votes in highly partisan tie votes.)

Name
Party
State
NOMINATE
1.WARREN, ElizabethDemocratMassachusetts-0.765
2.HARRIS, Kamala DeviDemocratCalifornia-0.709
3.BOOKER, Cory AnthonyDemocratNew Jersey-0.591
4.SANDERS, BernardIndependentVermont-0.53
5.HIRONO, MazieDemocratHawaii-0.512
6.MARKEY, Edward JohnDemocratMassachusetts-0.512
7.BALDWIN, TammyDemocratWisconsin-0.493
8.GILLIBRAND, KirstenDemocratNew York-0.475
9.WARNOCK, Raphael GamalielDemocratGeorgia-0.469
10.OSSOFF, Thomas Jonathan (Jon)DemocratGeorgia-0.468
11.SCHATZ, Brian EmanuelDemocratHawaii-0.443
12.MERKLEY, JeffDemocratOregon-0.44
13.BLUMENTHAL, RichardDemocratConnecticut-0.439
14.BROWN, SherrodDemocratOhio-0.428
15.PADILLA, Alejandro (Alex)DemocratCalifornia-0.411
16.SMITH, TinaDemocratMinnesota-0.395
17.VAN HOLLEN, ChristopherDemocratMaryland-0.392
18.CORTEZ MASTO, Catherine MarieDemocratNevada-0.368
19.LUJÁN, Ben RayDemocratNew Mexico-0.367
20.REED, John F. (Jack)DemocratRhode Island-0.367
21.MENENDEZ, RobertDemocratNew Jersey-0.366
22.LEAHY, Patrick JosephDemocratVermont-0.36
23.SCHUMER, Charles Ellis (Chuck)DemocratNew York-0.359
24.WHITEHOUSE, SheldonDemocratRhode Island-0.355
25.MURRAY, PattyDemocratWashington-0.352
26.DURBIN, Richard JosephDemocratIllinois-0.348
27.STABENOW, Deborah AnnDemocratMichigan-0.343
28.DUCKWORTH, TammyDemocratIllinois-0.335
29.WYDEN, Ronald LeeDemocratOregon-0.33
30.HEINRICH, MartinDemocratNew Mexico-0.328
31.CARDIN, Benjamin LouisDemocratMaryland-0.319
32.CASEY, Robert (Bob), Jr.DemocratPennsylvania-0.315
33.CANTWELL, Maria E.DemocratWashington-0.304
34.KLOBUCHAR, AmyDemocratMinnesota-0.285
35.ROSEN, Jacklyn SherylDemocratNevada-0.285
36.MURPHY, ChristopherDemocratConnecticut-0.269
37.FEINSTEIN, DianneDemocratCalifornia-0.267
38.PETERS, Gary C.DemocratMichigan-0.246
39.HICKENLOOPER, John WrightDemocratColorado-0.243
40.KAINE, Timothy Michael (Tim)DemocratVirginia-0.243
41.SHAHEEN, JeanneDemocratNew Hampshire-0.237
42.HASSAN, Margaret (Maggie)DemocratNew Hampshire-0.231
43.COONS, Christopher A.DemocratDelaware-0.229
44.BENNET, Michael F.DemocratColorado-0.228
45.TESTER, JonDemocratMontana-0.215
46.WARNER, MarkDemocratVirginia-0.202
47.KELLY, Mark EdwardDemocratArizona-0.186
48.CARPER, Thomas RichardDemocratDelaware-0.176
49.KING, Angus Stanley, Jr.IndependentMaine-0.157
50.SINEMA, KyrstenDemocratArizona-0.103
51.MANCHIN, Joe, IIIDemocratWest Virginia-0.056

52.COLLINS, Susan MargaretRepublicanMaine0.115
53.MURKOWSKI, LisaRepublicanAlaska0.212
54.CAPITO, Shelley MooreRepublicanWest Virginia0.266
55.ROMNEY, Willard Mitt (Mitt)RepublicanUtah0.314
56.GRASSLEY, Charles ErnestRepublicanIowa0.347
57.HOEVEN, JohnRepublicanNorth Dakota0.352
58.PORTMAN, Robert Jones (Rob)RepublicanOhio0.368
59.WICKER, Roger F.RepublicanMississippi0.379
60.CRAMER, KevinRepublicanNorth Dakota0.39
61.ROUNDS, Marion Michael (Mike)RepublicanSouth Dakota0.391
62.HYDE-SMITH, CindyRepublicanMississippi0.401
63.GRAHAM, Lindsey O.RepublicanSouth Carolina0.403
64.McCONNELL, Addison Mitchell (Mitch)RepublicanKentucky0.403
65.BOOZMAN, JohnRepublicanArkansas0.405
66.MORAN, JerryRepublicanKansas0.412
67.THUNE, JohnRepublicanSouth Dakota0.413
68.BLUNT, RoyRepublicanMissouri0.42
69.SHELBY, Richard C.RepublicanAlabama0.436
70.TILLIS, Thomas Roland (Thom)RepublicanNorth Carolina0.437
71.BURR, Richard M.RepublicanNorth Carolina0.446
72.SULLIVAN, Daniel ScottRepublicanAlaska0.451
73.CASSIDY, BillRepublicanLouisiana0.456
74.FISCHER, Debra (Deb)RepublicanNebraska0.463
75.YOUNG, ToddRepublicanIndiana0.472
76.CORNYN, JohnRepublicanTexas0.489
77.CRAPO, Michael DeanRepublicanIdaho0.51
78.ERNST, JoniRepublicanIowa0.524
79.MARSHALL, Roger WayneRepublicanKansas0.542
80.BARRASSO, John A.RepublicanWyoming0.543
81.INHOFE, James MountainRepublicanOklahoma0.553
82.LOEFFLER, KellyRepublicanGeorgia0.555
83.DAINES, SteveRepublicanMontana0.565
84.RUBIO, MarcoRepublicanFlorida0.582
85.LANKFORD, JamesRepublicanOklahoma0.585
86.COTTON, TomRepublicanArkansas0.595
87.JOHNSON, RonRepublicanWisconsin0.596
88.KENNEDY, John NeelyRepublicanLouisiana0.599
89.RISCH, JamesRepublicanIdaho0.613
90.BLACKBURN, MarshaRepublicanTennessee0.622
91.SCOTT, Richard Lynn (Rick)RepublicanFlorida0.633
92.SCOTT, TimRepublicanSouth Carolina0.64
93.TOOMEY, Patrick JosephRepublicanPennsylvania0.641
94.LUMMIS, Cynthia M.RepublicanWyoming0.677
95.HAWLEY, Joshua DavidRepublicanMissouri0.692
96.SASSE, Benjamin EricRepublicanNebraska0.736
97.HAGERTY, William Francis (Bill)RepublicanTennessee0.759
98.BRAUN, MichaelRepublicanIndiana0.8
99.CRUZ, Rafael Edward (Ted)RepublicanTexas0.837
100.PAUL, RandRepublicanKentucky0.876
101.LEE, MikeRepublicanUtah0.913
102.TUBERVILLE, Thomas Hawley (Tommy)RepublicanAlabama
0.936

The VoteView rankings in the House are as follows (and includes one newly elected member, Troy Carter from Louisiana, with no ranking as he hasn't yet cast any votes, and a few members whose seats are no longer serving due to death or resignation from office). The Senate and House rankings are calibrated to be comparable to each other.

Name
Party
State
NOMINATE
1.BUSH, CoriDemocratMissouri-0.871
2.GARCIA, SylviaDemocratTexas-0.751
3.JAYAPAL, PramilaDemocratWashington-0.7
4.LEE, BarbaraDemocratCalifornia-0.682
5.WATERS, MaxineDemocratCalifornia-0.653
6.NEWMAN, MarieDemocratIllinois-0.649
7.WILLIAMS, NikemaDemocratGeorgia-0.649
8.JONES, MondaireDemocratNew York-0.637
9.WATSON COLEMAN, BonnieDemocratNew Jersey-0.628
10.ESPAILLAT, Adriano J.DemocratNew York-0.62
11.CLARKE, Yvette DianeDemocratNew York-0.614
12.SCHAKOWSKY, Janice D.DemocratIllinois-0.606
13.GRIJALVA, Raúl M.DemocratArizona-0.598
14.GOMEZ, JimmyDemocratCalifornia-0.589
15.BASS, KarenDemocratCalifornia-0.586
16.FUDGE, Marcia L.DemocratOhio-0.581
17.KHANNA, RohitDemocratCalifornia-0.572
18.HASTINGS, Alcee LamarDemocratFlorida-0.564
19.UNDERWOOD, LaurenDemocratIllinois-0.549
20.VELÁZQUEZ, Nydia M.DemocratNew York-0.547
21.RASKIN, Jamie BenDemocratMaryland-0.545
22.TORRES, RitchieDemocratNew York-0.545
23.LEVIN, AndyDemocratMichigan-0.543
24.POCAN, MarkDemocratWisconsin-0.541
25.McGOVERN, James P.DemocratMassachusetts-0.539
26.DESAULNIER, Mark JamesDemocratCalifornia-0.53
27.MOORE, Gwendolynne S. (Gwen)DemocratWisconsin-0.528
28.PAYNE, Donald, Jr.DemocratNew Jersey-0.517
29.THOMPSON, BennieDemocratMississippi-0.516
30.BARRAGÁN, Nanette DiazDemocratCalifornia-0.516
31.DEAN, MadeleineDemocratPennsylvania-0.509
32.NADLER, Jerrold LewisDemocratNew York-0.508
33.SÁNCHEZ, Linda T.DemocratCalifornia-0.508
34.SCANLON, Mary GayDemocratPennsylvania-0.495
35.PELOSI, NancyDemocratCalifornia-0.49
36.JEFFRIES, HakeemDemocratNew York-0.488
37.CHU, JudyDemocratCalifornia-0.487
38.RICHMOND, CedricDemocratLouisiana-0.486
39.DAVIS, Danny K.DemocratIllinois-0.486
40.JOHNSON, Eddie BerniceDemocratTexas-0.485
41.CLARK, Katherine M.DemocratMassachusetts-0.483
42.RUSH, Bobby L.DemocratIllinois-0.479
43.WILSON, FredericaDemocratFlorida-0.477
44.ROYBAL-ALLARD, LucilleDemocratCalifornia-0.47
45.JOHNSON, HankDemocratGeorgia-0.468
46.SARBANES, JohnDemocratMaryland-0.467
47.ADAMS, AlmaDemocratNorth Carolina-0.466
48.CLYBURN, James EnosDemocratSouth Carolina-0.464
49.TAKANO, MarkDemocratCalifornia-0.463
50.KELLY, Robin L.DemocratIllinois-0.462
51.BOWMAN, JamaalDemocratNew York-0.462
52.JACKSON LEE, SheilaDemocratTexas-0.46
53.EVANS, DwightDemocratPennsylvania-0.459
54.CLEAVER, Emanuel, IIDemocratMissouri-0.453
55.SCOTT, Robert C.DemocratVirginia-0.45
56.GARCÍA, JesúsDemocratIllinois-0.45
57.GALLEGO, RubenDemocratArizona-0.45
58.LOWENTHAL, AlanDemocratCalifornia-0.45
59.MFUME, KweisiDemocratMaryland-0.448
60.NAPOLITANO, Grace FloresDemocratCalifornia-0.448
61.LAWRENCE, Brenda LDemocratMichigan-0.446
62.TRAHAN, LoriDemocratMassachusetts-0.443
63.FLETCHER, ElizabethDemocratTexas-0.439
64.GREEN, AlDemocratTexas-0.439
65.CASTOR, KathyDemocratFlorida-0.438
66.ALLRED, ColinDemocratTexas-0.435
67.MATSUI, DorisDemocratCalifornia-0.434
68.BEATTY, JoyceDemocratOhio-0.432
69.DeGETTE, DianaDemocratColorado-0.431
70.CARSON, AndréDemocratIndiana-0.431
71.BLUMENAUER, EarlDemocratOregon-0.428
72.DeFAZIO, Peter AnthonyDemocratOregon-0.428
73.HUFFMAN, JaredDemocratCalifornia-0.427
74.NEGUSE, JosephDemocratColorado-0.426
75.NORCROSS, DonaldDemocratNew Jersey-0.425
76.WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, DebbieDemocratFlorida-0.421
77.PINGREE, ChellieDemocratMaine-0.42
78.TONKO, PaulDemocratNew York-0.42
79.KAHELE, KaialiʻiDemocratHawaii-0.419
80.LEGER FERNANDEZ, TeresaDemocratNew Mexico-0.419
81.JACOBS, SaraDemocratCalifornia-0.419
82.NEAL, Richard EdmundDemocratMassachusetts-0.417
83.McCOLLUM, BettyDemocratMinnesota-0.417
84.DeLAURO, Rosa L.DemocratConnecticut-0.416
85.MEEKS, Gregory W.DemocratNew York-0.413
86.WEXTON, JenniferDemocratVirginia-0.413
87.WELCH, PeterDemocratVermont-0.41
88.DINGELL, DebbieDemocratMichigan-0.408
89.ESCOBAR, VeronicaDemocratTexas-0.406
90.SIRES, AlbioDemocratNew Jersey-0.405
91.BUTTERFIELD, George Kenneth, Jr. (G.K.)DemocratNorth Carolina-0.404
92.PALLONE, Frank, Jr.DemocratNew Jersey-0.404
93.RYAN, Timothy J.DemocratOhio-0.403
94.CASTEN, SeanDemocratIllinois-0.402
95.LOFGREN, ZoeDemocratCalifornia-0.402
96.VEASEY, MarcDemocratTexas-0.402
97.DOGGETT, Lloyd Alton, IIDemocratTexas-0.402
98.VARGAS, JuanDemocratCalifornia-0.401
99.COHEN, StephenDemocratTennessee-0.4
100.CASTRO, JoaquinDemocratTexas-0.4
101.BOYLE, Brendan FrancisDemocratPennsylvania-0.399
102.FRANKEL, LoisDemocratFlorida-0.399
103.DEUTCH, Theodore E. (Ted)DemocratFlorida-0.399
104.STRICKLAND, MarilynDemocratWashington-0.398
105.LARSON, John B.DemocratConnecticut-0.397
106.KILDEE, DanDemocratMichigan-0.396
107.THOMPSON, MichaelDemocratCalifornia-0.395
108.BONAMICI, SuzanneDemocratOregon-0.394
109.SEWELL, TerriDemocratAlabama-0.392
110.CICILLINE, David N.DemocratRhode Island-0.39
111.MALONEY, Carolyn BosherDemocratNew York-0.387
112.BEYER, Donald Sternoff Jr.DemocratVirginia-0.386
113.GONZALEZ, Vicente Jr.DemocratTexas-0.384
114.WILD, SusanDemocratPennsylvania-0.383
115.CÁRDENAS, TonyDemocratCalifornia-0.383
116.ESHOO, Anna GeorgesDemocratCalifornia-0.381
117.HOYER, Steny HamiltonDemocratMaryland-0.38
118.SOTO, Darren MichaelDemocratFlorida-0.38
119.SPEIER, Karen Lorraine Jacqueline (Jackie)DemocratCalifornia-0.38
120.HARDER, JoshDemocratCalifornia-0.379
121.YARMUTH, JohnDemocratKentucky-0.378
122.MENG, GraceDemocratNew York-0.376
123.LANGEVIN, JamesDemocratRhode Island-0.375
124.MCEACHIN, Aston DonaldDemocratVirginia-0.375
125.LIEU, TedDemocratCalifornia-0.372
126.HAYES, JahanaDemocratConnecticut-0.369
127.SWALWELL, EricDemocratCalifornia-0.368
128.PASCRELL, William J., Jr.DemocratNew Jersey-0.367
129.CARTWRIGHT, MattDemocratPennsylvania-0.366
130.LARSEN, Richard Ray (Rick)DemocratWashington-0.365
131.TORRES, Norma JudithDemocratCalifornia-0.36
132.LYNCH, Stephen F.DemocratMassachusetts-0.35
133.SCHRIER, KimDemocratWashington-0.35
134.KAPTUR, Marcia Carolyn (Marcy)DemocratOhio-0.35
135.LEVIN, MikeDemocratCalifornia-0.35
136.SCHIFF, AdamDemocratCalifornia-0.349
137.HORSFORD, StevenDemocratNevada-0.348
138.HIGGINS, BrianDemocratNew York-0.347
139.COURTNEY, JoeDemocratConnecticut-0.344
140.PRICE, David EugeneDemocratNorth Carolina-0.343
141.SHERMAN, BradDemocratCalifornia-0.342
142.DEMINGS, Valdez ButlerDemocratFlorida-0.338
143.BROWN, Anthony GregoryDemocratMaryland-0.336
144.BLUNT ROCHESTER, LisaDemocratDelaware-0.335
145.STEVENS, HaleyDemocratMichigan-0.333
146.MORELLE, Joseph D.DemocratNew York-0.333
147.HAALAND, DebraDemocratNew Mexico-0.332
148.DOYLE, Michael F.DemocratPennsylvania-0.331
149.KEATING, William R.DemocratMassachusetts-0.329
150.QUIGLEY, MikeDemocratIllinois-0.321
151.KRISHNAMOORTHI, S. RajaDemocratIllinois-0.317
152.STANTON, GregDemocratArizona-0.313
153.VELA, FilemonDemocratTexas-0.313
154.KILMER, DerekDemocratWashington-0.31
155.CRAIG, AngelaDemocratMinnesota-0.309
156.GARAMENDI, JohnDemocratCalifornia-0.309
157.LEE, SusieDemocratNevada-0.309
158.HOULAHAN, ChristinaDemocratPennsylvania-0.308
159.CONNOLLY, Gerald E. (Gerry)DemocratVirginia-0.306
160.PANETTA, James VarniDemocratCalifornia-0.306
161.PAPPAS, ChrisDemocratNew Hampshire-0.305
162.MRVAN, Frank J.DemocratIndiana-0.304
163.ROSS, Deborah K.DemocratNorth Carolina-0.304
164.MANNING, Kathy E.DemocratNorth Carolina-0.304
165.TITUS, Alice (Dina)DemocratNevada-0.303
166.SCOTT, DavidDemocratGeorgia-0.302
167.SLOTKIN, ElissaDemocratMichigan-0.301
168.CARBAJAL, SaludDemocratCalifornia-0.301
169.AUCHINCLOSS, JakeDemocratMassachusetts-0.297
170.RUPPERSBERGER, C. A. (Dutch)DemocratMaryland-0.295
171.PRESSLEY, AyannaDemocratMassachusetts-0.292
172.AGUILAR, Peter ReyDemocratCalifornia-0.292
173.MOULTON, SethDemocratMassachusetts-0.286
174.BROWNLEY, JuliaDemocratCalifornia-0.286
175.RICE, Kathleen MauraDemocratNew York-0.285
176.SMITH, AdamDemocratWashington-0.285
177.BISHOP, Sanford Dixon, Jr.DemocratGeorgia-0.283
178.DelBENE, Suzan K.DemocratWashington-0.282
179.OMAR, IlhanDemocratMinnesota-0.282
180.PERLMUTTER, EdDemocratColorado-0.282
181.CORREA, Jose LuisDemocratCalifornia-0.282
182.BOURDEAUX, CarolynDemocratGeorgia-0.276
183.KIM, AndyDemocratNew Jersey-0.274
184.CROW, JasonDemocratColorado-0.272
185.TRONE, DavidDemocratMaryland-0.27
186.McNERNEY, JerryDemocratCalifornia-0.262
187.TLAIB, RashidaDemocratMichigan-0.262
188.KIND, RonDemocratWisconsin-0.261
189.MALINOWSKI, TomazDemocratNew Jersey-0.259
190.KUSTER, Ann McLaneDemocratNew Hampshire-0.256
191.LAWSON, Alfred Jr.DemocratFlorida-0.256
192.McBATH, LucyDemocratGeorgia-0.255
193.DAVIDS, ShariceDemocratKansas-0.252
194.HIMES, James A.DemocratConnecticut-0.243
195.RUIZ, RaulDemocratCalifornia-0.243
196.AXNE, CynthiaDemocratIowa-0.239
197.BUSTOS, CheriDemocratIllinois-0.239
198.MALONEY, Sean PatrickDemocratNew York-0.239
199.PHILLIPS, DeanDemocratMinnesota-0.238
200.OCASIO-CORTEZ, AlexandriaDemocratNew York-0.234
201.BERA, AmiDemocratCalifornia-0.233
202.FOSTER, BillDemocratIllinois-0.229
203.CUELLAR, HenryDemocratTexas-0.228
204.CRIST, Charlie Joseph Jr.DemocratFlorida-0.224
205.DELGADO, AntonioDemocratNew York-0.221
206.SUOZZI, ThomasDemocratNew York-0.214
207.CASE, EdDemocratHawaii-0.196
208.COSTA, JimDemocratCalifornia-0.192
209.O'HALLERAN, Thomas C.DemocratArizona-0.19
210.LURIA, ElaineDemocratVirginia-0.187
211.SHERRILL, MikieDemocratNew Jersey-0.187
212.SCHRADER, KurtDemocratOregon-0.186
213.PORTER, KatieDemocratCalifornia-0.184
214.PETERS, ScottDemocratCalifornia-0.181
215.SCHNEIDER, BradDemocratIllinois-0.176
216.SPANBERGER, AbigailDemocratVirginia-0.174
217.KIRKPATRICK, AnnDemocratArizona-0.165
218.COOPER, James Hayes ShofnerDemocratTennessee-0.163
219.MURPHY, StephanieDemocratFlorida-0.16
220.GOTTHEIMER, Josh S.DemocratNew Jersey-0.145
221.LAMB, ConorDemocratPennsylvania-0.127
222.GOLDEN, JaredDemocratMaine-0.106
223.SMITH, Christopher HenryRepublicanNew Jersey0.165
224.FITZPATRICK, Brian K.RepublicanPennsylvania0.17
225.KATKO, JohnRepublicanNew York0.198
226.VAN DREW, JeffersonRepublicanNew Jersey0.207
227.MEIJER, PeterRepublicanMichigan0.229
228.STEFANIK, Elise MRepublicanNew York0.231
229.VALADAO, David G.RepublicanCalifornia0.253
230.JOYCE, DavidRepublicanOhio0.262
231.GARBARINO, Andrew R.RepublicanNew York0.268
232.MILLER-MEEKS, MariannetteRepublicanIowa0.269
233.KINZINGER, AdamRepublicanIllinois0.271
234.TURNER, Michael R.RepublicanOhio0.273
235.BOST, MikeRepublicanIllinois0.274
236.DAVIS, RodneyRepublicanIllinois0.274
237.REED, Thomas W. IIRepublicanNew York0.276
238.SALAZAR, Maria ElviraRepublicanFlorida0.277
239.GONZALEZ, AnthonyRepublicanOhio0.28
240.DIAZ-BALART, MarioRepublicanFlorida0.281
241.YOUNG, Donald EdwinRepublicanAlaska0.284
242.TENNEY, ClaudiaRepublicanNew York0.286
243.GONZALES, TonyRepublicanTexas0.291
244.STAUBER, PeterRepublicanMinnesota0.292
245.MALLIOTAKIS, NicoleRepublicanNew York0.294
246.SIMPSON, Michael K.RepublicanIdaho0.297
247.McKINLEY, DavidRepublicanWest Virginia0.3
248.STIVERS, SteveRepublicanOhio0.3
249.GIMENEZ, Carlos A.RepublicanFlorida0.3
250.FORTENBERRY, JeffRepublicanNebraska0.301
251.BICE, Stephanie I.RepublicanOklahoma0.305
252.JACOBS, ChrisRepublicanNew York0.313
253.THOMPSON, GlennRepublicanPennsylvania0.315
254.MOORE, Blake D.RepublicanUtah0.319
255.COLE, TomRepublicanOklahoma0.332
256.UPTON, Frederick StephenRepublicanMichigan0.332
257.OBERNOLTE, JayRepublicanCalifornia0.333
258.KIM, YoungRepublicanCalifornia0.335
259.ROGERS, Harold Dallas (Hal)RepublicanKentucky0.337
260.STEEL, MichelleRepublicanCalifornia0.341
261.BENTZ, CliffRepublicanOregon0.346
262.NEWHOUSE, Daniel MiltonRepublicanWashington0.346
263.CALVERT, KenRepublicanCalifornia0.35
264.HERRERA BEUTLER, JaimeRepublicanWashington0.355
265.WOMACK, SteveRepublicanArkansas0.355
266.KELLY, MikeRepublicanPennsylvania0.355
267.ROGERS, Mike DennisRepublicanAlabama0.358
268.BUCHANAN, Vernon G.RepublicanFlorida0.359
269.LUCAS, Frank D.RepublicanOklahoma0.363
270.MACE, NancyRepublicanSouth Carolina0.366
271.RESCHENTHALER, GuyRepublicanPennsylvania0.37
272.ADERHOLT, RobertRepublicanAlabama0.372
273.GARCIA, MikeRepublicanCalifornia0.377
274.AMODEI, Mark E.RepublicanNevada0.381
275.BACON, Donald J.RepublicanNebraska0.387
276.ZELDIN, Lee MRepublicanNew York0.389
277.OWENS, BurgessRepublicanUtah0.395
278.MOOLENAAR, JohnRepublicanMichigan0.396
279.CRENSHAW, DanielRepublicanTexas0.397
280.GRANGER, KayRepublicanTexas0.398
281.RUTHERFORD, John HenryRepublicanFlorida0.402
282.BILIRAKIS, GusRepublicanFlorida0.404
283.BUCSHON, LarryRepublicanIndiana0.406
284.BALDERSON, TroyRepublicanOhio0.413
285.WALTZ, MichaelRepublicanFlorida0.416
286.STEIL, BryanRepublicanWisconsin0.417
287.GUTHRIE, BrettRepublicanKentucky0.42
288.HOLLINGSWORTH, Joseph Albert IIIRepublicanIndiana0.42
289.CRAWFORD, RickRepublicanArkansas0.421
290.McMORRIS RODGERS, CathyRepublicanWashington0.425
291.WALORSKI, JackieRepublicanIndiana0.426
292.SMUCKER, Lloyd K.RepublicanPennsylvania0.426
293.FEENSTRA, RandyRepublicanIowa0.428
294.JOHNSON, BillRepublicanOhio0.428
295.McCAUL, Michael T.RepublicanTexas0.431
296.BAIRD, JamesRepublicanIndiana0.433
297.LETLOW, JuliaRepublicanLouisiana0.433
298.BERGMAN, JohnRepublicanMichigan0.434
299.MAST, Brian JefferyRepublicanFlorida0.436
300.WAGNER, AnnRepublicanMissouri0.437
301.LUETKEMEYER, BlaineRepublicanMissouri0.438
302.GRAVES, SamuelRepublicanMissouri0.443
303.GALLAGHER, MichaelRepublicanWisconsin0.444
304.WITTMAN, Robert J.RepublicanVirginia0.446
305.HILL, FrenchRepublicanArkansas0.449
306.SPARTZ, VictoriaRepublicanIndiana0.449
307.NUNES, DevinRepublicanCalifornia0.449
308.FLEISCHMANN, ChuckRepublicanTennessee0.455
309.EMMER, Thomas Earl IIRepublicanMinnesota0.456
310.MCCARTHY, KevinRepublicanCalifornia0.458
311.HAGEDORN, JimRepublicanMinnesota0.459
312.GRAVES, GarretRepublicanLouisiana0.46
313.HARTZLER, VickyRepublicanMissouri0.462
314.JOHNSON, DustinRepublicanSouth Dakota0.464
315.LaHOOD, DarinRepublicanIllinois0.466
316.PENCE, GregoryRepublicanIndiana0.468
317.MILLER, CarolRepublicanWest Virginia0.469
318.CARTER, John R.RepublicanTexas0.473
319.GIBBS, BobRepublicanOhio0.474
320.ARMSTRONG, KellyRepublicanNorth Dakota0.475
321.NEHLS, Troy E.RepublicanTexas0.485
322.VAN DUYNE, BethRepublicanTexas0.485
323.FISCHBACH, MichelleRepublicanMinnesota0.489
324.BARR, Garland H. (Andy) IVRepublicanKentucky0.49
325.KELLER, FredRepublicanPennsylvania0.502
326.HINSON, AshleyRepublicanIowa0.504
327.ISSA, DarrellRepublicanCalifornia0.504
328.GUEST, MichaelRepublicanMississippi0.505
329.WEBSTER, Daniel A.RepublicanFlorida0.51
330.CHENEY, LizRepublicanWyoming0.511
331.WALBERG, TimRepublicanMichigan0.515
332.SMITH, AdrianRepublicanNebraska0.517
333.LATTA, Robert E.RepublicanOhio0.517
334.MULLIN, MarkwayneRepublicanOklahoma0.519
335.POSEY, BillRepublicanFlorida0.521
336.CURTIS, John R.RepublicanUtah0.523
337.BRADY, Kevin PatrickRepublicanTexas0.523
338.CAWTHORN, MadisonRepublicanNorth Carolina0.523
339.STEWART, ChrisRepublicanUtah0.525
340.KUSTOFF, DavidRepublicanTennessee0.525
341.PALAZZO, StevenRepublicanMississippi0.527
342.FITZGERALD, ScottRepublicanWisconsin0.527
343.DUNN, Neal PatrickRepublicanFlorida0.531
344.MURPHY, Gregory FrancisRepublicanNorth Carolina0.532
345.LaMALFA, DougRepublicanCalifornia0.534
346.JOYCE, JohnRepublicanPennsylvania0.534
347.LATURNER, JakeRepublicanKansas0.537
348.WILSON, Addison Graves (Joe)RepublicanSouth Carolina0.537
349.MCCLAIN, Lisa C.RepublicanMichigan0.538
350.TAYLOR, NicholasRepublicanTexas0.544
351.WENSTRUP, BradRepublicanOhio0.548
352.GRIFFITH, H. MorganRepublicanVirginia0.548
353.LONG, BillyRepublicanMissouri0.549
354.MEUSER, DanRepublicanPennsylvania0.549
355.McHENRY, Patrick T.RepublicanNorth Carolina0.549
356.WESTERMAN, Bruce EugeneRepublicanArkansas0.55
357.CARL, Jerry L.RepublicanAlabama0.554
358.SCALISE, SteveRepublicanLouisiana0.56
359.JOHNSON, MikeRepublicanLouisiana0.561
360.CHABOT, SteveRepublicanOhio0.567
361.SCOTT, AustinRepublicanGeorgia0.567
362.BURGESS, Michael C.RepublicanTexas0.574
363.HUDSON, RichardRepublicanNorth Carolina0.575
364.HUIZENGA, BillRepublicanMichigan0.577
365.MOONEY, Alex X.RepublicanWest Virginia0.579
366.ROUZER, DavidRepublicanNorth Carolina0.579
367.DESJARLAIS, ScottRepublicanTennessee0.583
368.SCHWEIKERT, DavidRepublicanArizona0.583
369.CARTER, BuddyRepublicanGeorgia0.584
370.TIMMONS, WilliamRepublicanSouth Carolina0.584
371.WILLIAMS, RogerRepublicanTexas0.585
372.HIGGINS, ClayRepublicanLouisiana0.586
373.SESSIONS, PeteRepublicanTexas0.586
374.RICE, TomRepublicanSouth Carolina0.596
375.SMITH, JasonRepublicanMissouri0.597
376.FRANKLIN, C. ScottRepublicanFlorida0.597
377.LESKO, DebbieRepublicanArizona0.598
378.FERGUSON, Anderson Drew IVRepublicanGeorgia0.605
379.GROTHMAN, GlennRepublicanWisconsin0.607
380.TIFFANY, Thomas P.RepublicanWisconsin0.608
381.COMER, JamesRepublicanKentucky0.613
382.ESTES, RonRepublicanKansas0.613
383.FOXX, Virginia AnnRepublicanNorth Carolina0.629
384.PERRY, ScottRepublicanPennsylvania0.629
385.GAETZ, Matthew L. IIRepublicanFlorida0.63
386.GOHMERT, LouieRepublicanTexas0.63
387.KELLY, TrentRepublicanMississippi0.633
388.FULCHER, RussellRepublicanIdaho0.635
389.BANKS, James E.RepublicanIndiana0.637
390.ARRINGTON, Jodey CookRepublicanTexas0.639
391.BROOKS, MoRepublicanAlabama0.651
392.HARSHBARGER, DianaRepublicanTennessee0.656
393.HARRIS, AndyRepublicanMaryland0.661
394.MOORE, BarryRepublicanAlabama0.667
395.CLOUD, MichaelRepublicanTexas0.667
396.BURCHETT, TimothyRepublicanTennessee0.672
397.STEUBE, WilliamRepublicanFlorida0.674
398.BUDD, Theodore PaulRepublicanNorth Carolina0.676
399.LAMBORN, DougRepublicanColorado0.678
400.HERN, KevinRepublicanOklahoma0.68
401.GOSAR, PaulRepublicanArizona0.68
402.MASSIE, ThomasRepublicanKentucky0.681
403.ROSE, JohnRepublicanTennessee0.681
404.GREEN, MarkRepublicanTennessee0.686
405.ALLEN, Rick W.RepublicanGeorgia0.686
406.LOUDERMILK, Barry D.RepublicanGeorgia0.691
407.JACKSON, RonnyRepublicanTexas0.691
408.DAVIDSON, WarrenRepublicanOhio0.693
409.CLINE, BenjaminRepublicanVirginia0.697
410.CAMMACK, KatRepublicanFlorida0.698
411.MANN, TraceyRepublicanKansas0.701
412.BABIN, BrianRepublicanTexas0.703
413.PALMER, Gary JamesRepublicanAlabama0.704
414.WRIGHT, RonRepublicanTexas0.711
415.WEBER, RandyRepublicanTexas0.714
416.McCLINTOCK, TomRepublicanCalifornia0.717
417.PFLUGER, AugustRepublicanTexas0.718
418.JORDAN, JimRepublicanOhio0.719
419.DONALDS, ByronRepublicanFlorida0.719
420.GOODEN, LanceRepublicanTexas0.723
421.FALLON, PatRepublicanTexas0.729
422.DUNCAN, JeffRepublicanSouth Carolina0.734
423.BUCK, Kenneth RobertRepublicanColorado0.738
424.MILLER, Mary E.RepublicanIllinois0.745
425.ROSENDALE, Matthew M., Sr.RepublicanMontana0.757
426.HICE, Jody BrownlowRepublicanGeorgia0.79
427.NORMAN, RalphRepublicanSouth Carolina0.793
428.ROY, CharlesRepublicanTexas0.8
429.BISHOP, DanRepublicanNorth Carolina0.813
430.GREENE, Marjorie TaylorRepublicanGeorgia0.818
431.BOEBERT, LaurenRepublicanColorado0.821
432.GOOD, BobRepublicanVirginia0.84
433.CLYDE, Andrew S.RepublicanGeorgia0.84
434.BIGGS, Andrew S.RepublicanArizona0.883
435.HERRELL, YvetteRepublicanNew Mexico0.936
436.CARTER, TroyDemocratLouisiana-

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